Electric Vehicle Route Optimization Under Time-of-Use Electricity Pricing

This paper addresses an electric vehicle routing problem with time window (E-VRPTW) under time-of-use (TOU) pricing where retail prices vary hour-by-hour to reflect changes in wholesale prices. The proposed solution aims minimize the electricity-cost as well traditional objectives: number of used vehicles and total travel distance. In particular, cleverly shifts battery charging off-peak periods adjusts duration order reduce costs. First, is carefully carved a mixed integer linear programming model. Second, constraint model built. Third, combined constructed exploit strengths both models. computational study based on well-known benchmarking test instances demonstrates we can electricity cost by 3.1% average while not compromising other objectives. We provides CPLEX source codes, promote related-research, thus expediting adoption energy-efficient scheduling autonomous taxi company.